Consonant Chart
There are 17 consonant phonemes in Kedayan as shown in Table 2. This is the same as the classification offered by Soderberg (2014), except that he shows /t/ as dental (and thus uses the symbol /t̪/) while /d/ is shown as alveolar. While this may be phonetically accurate, there is no evidence that the pronunciation of /t/ is any different in Kedayan from Standard Malay and Brunei Malay, for which which it is often classified with the same place of articulation as /d/ (Clynes & Deterding, 2011; Deterding & Ishamina, 2017).
Further research is needed to determine how many Kedayan speakers use dental articulation of /t/, the extent to which there is a consistent distinction in the place of articulation of /t/ and /d/, and how much difference there is in the production of /t/ between Kedayan, Standard Malay and Brunei Malay.
Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palato-Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||||
Affricate | tʃ | dʒ | ||||||||||||
Fricative | s | h | ||||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||||
Approximant | w | j | ||||||||||||
Lateral | l |
Table 2. The consonants of Kedayan