Teaching

• World Englishes
• Forensic Linguistics
• History of English
• Systemic Functional Grammar

PhD Supervision

• Cui Xiao. “Language use in English-Medium Instruction (EMI) Programs for Engineering at a Chinese University: Issues and Challenges.” (Main supervisor).
• Christine Lewis. “Word stress in non-native English: Evidence from English as a Lingua Franca”. (Main supervisor). Completed.

Research Interests

• English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
• English Medium Instruction (EMI)
• Global Englishes
• Phonetics and phonology
• Pronunciation teaching
• Pronunciation of languages in Brunei

Research Projects

• Language use in Brunei secondary school content classrooms (Co-PI). Active.
• Investigating UBD students’ academic language-related challenges in EMI courses (PI). Completed Oct 2022.
• Student perceptions of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) classes. (Co-PI). Completed 2022.
• Attitudes towards English as a Lingua Franca (ELF): An investigation of Bruneian teachers’ and student-teachers’ perspectives (PI). Completed 2021.
• Teachers’ and learners’ perceptions of classroom language learning tasks. (Co-PI). Completed Aug 2020.
• The pronunciation of the indigenous languages of Brunei Darussalam. Completed Aug 2020.
• The impact of English Medium Education on ESL undergraduate students. (Co-PI). Completed Apr 2020.

Research Grants

Title: Language Use in Brunei Secondary School Content Classrooms
Role: Principal Investigator
Research period: May 2024 – April 2026
Funding: BND 15,313.27

Title: Teachers’ and Learners’ Perceptions of Classroom Language Learning Tasks
Role: Co-Principal Investigator
Research period: August 2019 – July 2020
Funding: BND 8,570.00

Publications

Note: I have adopted the name ‘Gardiner’ in all my publications from 2017 onwards.

Articles in Refereed Journals

Xiao, C., & Gardiner, I. A. (2025). Investigating students’ academic language-related challenges and their interplay with English proficiency and self-efficacy on EMI success in Transnational Education (TNE) programs in China. English for Specific Purposes, 78, 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2024.12.002

Xiao, C., Wang, C., & Gardiner, I. A. (2024). Enhancing EMI learning through L1 use and ESP: A mixed-methods study in a Chinese transnational education context. System, 125, 103455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103455

Gardiner, I. A. (2024). Academic language-related challenges, self-reported proficiency and academic success at an English medium university in Brunei. Asian Englishes, 26(1), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2023.2179958

Gardiner, I. A., Littlejohn, A., & Boye, S. (2024). Researching learners’ perceptions: The use of the repertory grid technique. Language Teaching Research, 28(3), 913-930. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211013623

Littlejohn, A., Boye, S., & Gardiner, I. A. (2024). Teachers and school-aged learners: Do they inhabit the same classroom world? The Language Learning Journal, 52(3), 301-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2022.2157865

Boye, S., Gardiner, I. A., & Littlejohn, A. (2021). ‘Makes head hurt’: School-aged learners’ perceptions in the language classroom. System, 100, 102560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102560

Gardiner, I. A. (2019). Intelligibility of an L2 variety in ELF interactions: Brunei English and vowel pronunciation. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation, 5(2), 247–268. DOI: 10.1075/jslp.17049.gar

Deterding, D., & Ishamina, A. (2017). Brunei Malay. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47(1), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100316000189

Ishamina, A. & Deterding, D. (2015). The role of noun phrases in misunderstandings in Brunei English in ELF settings. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 4(2), 283–308. https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2015-0021

Book

Deterding D., Gardiner, I. A., & Noorashid, N. (2022). The phonetics of Malay (Elements in phonetics). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108942836

Book Chapters

Gardiner, I. A., & Deterding, D. (forthcoming). Stress-timing versus syllable-timing. In K. Bolton (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of world Englishes. Wiley.

Gardiner, I. A., Boye, S., & Sulaiman, S. (2023). Language use and language choice at an EMI university in Brunei: Student perspectives. In P. S. Sah, & F. Fang (Eds.), Policies, politics, and ideologies of English medium instruction in Asian universities: Unsettling critical edges. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003173120-10

Gardiner, I. A., & Deterding, D. (2020). The features of Asian Englishes: Phonology. In K. Bolton, W. Botha, & A. Kirkpatrick (Eds.), The handbook of Asian Englishes (pp. 189–207). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118791882.ch8

Gardiner, I. A., & Deterding, D. (2019). Language selection and assessment in Brunei Darussalam. In F. Fang, & H. P. Widodo (Eds.), Critical perspectives on Global Englishes in Asia: Language policy, curriculum, pedagogy and assessment (pp. 45–63). Multilingual Matters.

Deterding, D., & Gardiner, I. A. (2018). New pronunciation en route to world Englishes. In O. Kang, R. I. Thomson, & J. M. Murphy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of contemporary English pronunciation (pp. 218–231). Routledge.

Gardiner, I. A., Boye, S., Salleh, S. M., & Yusof, N. (2018). English teacher preparation in Brunei Darussalam: An overview of the Master of Teaching programme from multiple perspectives. In S. Zein, & R. Stroupe (Eds.), English language teacher preparation in Asia: Policy, research and practice (pp. 129–149). Routledge.

Gardiner, I. A., & Deterding, D. (2017). Pronunciation and miscommunication in ELF interactions: An analysis of initial clusters. In J. Jenkins, W. Baker, & M. Dewey (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of English as a lingua franca (pp. 224–232). Routledge.

Ishamina Athirah, & Deterding, D. (2017). English medium education in a university in Brunei Darussalam: Code-switching and intelligibility. In I. Walkinshaw, B. Fenton-Smith, & P. Humphreys (Eds.), English medium instruction in higher education in Asia-Pacific (pp. 281–297). Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51976-0_15 (PDF version).

Ishamina Athirah (2016). The role of fast speech in misunderstandings in Brunei English. In Noor Azam Haji-Othman, J. McLellan, & D. Deterding (Eds.), The use and status of language in Brunei Darussalam: A kingdom of unexpected linguistic diversity (pp. 41–56). Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-0853-5_5 (Pubisher's Link).

Articles in Non-Refereed Journals

Gardiner, I. A., Deterding, D., & Yabit Alas (2019). The pronunciation of Dusun. South East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 19, 14–21. (PDF version) (On-line version).

Ishamina Athirah (2016). TH in misunderstandings in Brunei English. South East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16, 1–7. (PDF version).

Ishamina Athirah (2015). Listener pronunciation in misunderstandings in international communication, South East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15, 26–35. (PDF version).

Ishamina Athirah (2011). Identification of Bruneian Ethnic Groups from their English Pronunciation, South East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11, pp. 37–45. (PDF version).

Conferences and Presentations

Paper Presentations

Gardiner, I. A. (2024). Students’ perspectives of EMI success in Brunei. Paper presented at The 5th Doing Research in Applied Linguistics Conference. Bangkok, Thailand, 5-7 September 2024.

Gardiner, I. A. (2023). The impact of EMI education in Brunei: Student views on its importance and success. Paper presented at The 15th International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences. ICC Hat Yai Songkla Thailand, 18-19 May 2023.

Gardiner, I. A. (2021). Putting the ‘G’ (Global) on ELT: Are we ready for a change? Keynote address presented at The Second International Conference on English Language, Literature and Culture. Sumatera, Indonesia. 13 November 2021.

Gardiner, I. A. (2021). Developing Global Englishes Language Teaching (GELT) in Asia: Pronunciation teaching and ELF. Paper presented at the Brunei Malaysia Forum: Trans-Asian Networks: Continuity and Change. 14-15 September 2021.

Gardiner, I. A. (2019). Student perspectives of English Medium Instruction (EMI) in Brunei: Attitudes towards language use in the classroom. Paper presented at the 20th English in Southeast Asia Conference (ESEA): Re-thinking Paradigms and Approaches to Researching, Teaching and Learning English. Raffles Town Club, Singapore. 6-7 December 2019.

Ishamina Athirah. (2015). The pronunciation of TH sounds in misunderstandings in Brunei English. Paper presented at the 18th English in Southeast Asia Conference (ESEA-18): Interactions of English and other languages in Southeast Asia. Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei. November 2015.

Referee for International Journals

• Asian Englishes
• Frontiers
• International Journal of Applied Linguistics
• International Journal of Multilingualism
• Journal of Language, Identity & Education
• Journal for Multicultural Education
• Journal of Second Language Pronunciation
• Language Teaching Research
• Speech Communication
• System

Editorial Board

• Editorial Board member for the International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICCHSS) hosted by Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkhla University, Thailand. (2022).

Invited Guest Speaker

• Effective academic conference presentations: Some guidelines. Webinar presented for UiTM Kedah and LC, UBD in conjunction with i-InTeLEC 2021. 29 September 2021.
• Developing English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) awareness in pronunciation teaching in Southeast Asia. Paper presented at the APB UiTM Johor International Webinar Series 1. 29 March 2021.
• Podcast interview for Academic Audio Journal "Lost in Citations", with Associate Professor Christopher Haswell of Kyushu University, Japan. (https://www.lostincitations.com/podcast)